Brain pruning.   This is important, and I’ll have much more to add as I go.

Here are the basics for now:

The concept of “pruning” in the brain refers to a normal process where the brain refines its neural connections by eliminating unnecessary or redundant synapses (the points where neurons connect and communicate). This process is essential for the development of efficient and effective neural networks, and it typically accelerates during adolescence.

In individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), research suggests that this synaptic pruning may occur less efficiently or differently, potentially leading to an atypical connectivity pattern in the brain. This could contribute to the characteristic features of autism, such as challenges with social communication, sensory processing differences, and the tendency toward literal thinking.

Literal thinking in autism is often explained by differences in how individuals with ASD process information. They might focus intensely on details but struggle with abstract or inferential thinking, which can make language interpretation more concrete or literal.

Several studies have examined synaptic pruning and brain connectivity in autism:

1. **Neuroimaging Studies**: Research using MRI and other neuroimaging tools has shown atypical patterns of connectivity in the brains of individuals with autism, suggesting variations in how their neural networks are organized and function.

2. **Postmortem Studies**: Analyses of brain tissue from individuals with autism have shown differences in the numbers and types of synapses. Some studies suggest an overabundance of synapses due to reduced pruning.

3. **Genetic and Molecular Studies**: Research has linked several genes associated with autism to the regulation of synaptic development and pruning. Variations in these genes might influence how synaptic pruning occurs, impacting the neural connectivity.

These findings support the idea that the brains of individuals with autism may be “wired” differently, which can affect how they process information, including a tendency to interpret language more literally. Understanding these differences is crucial for developing targeted therapies and supports that can assist individuals with autism in navigating their environments more effectively.